Social Studies Grade 9 ( nine)

Unit; 1
We and Our Community
Lesson: 1
Society and Its Development

Very Short Answer Question
1. Define society.
Society is a group of people of different castes, lingual groups living in organized communities sharing their culture,trading, norms and    values, happiness and joys and so many things.
Society is a Latin word "socious" which means friendship or mutual relationship among the people    of different groups.
 The society is constituent of individuals as an individual is an element of society and society and          individual are interrelated with one another. 

 Importance of Society

* Society is a kind of social network of social bonds.

* The human beings of different ethnicity and cultures in a society dwell together in mutual understanding and harmony.

Short Answer Question
1. Write any four characteristics of a society.
The characteristics of a society are;
a. A society is dynamic in its nature. It never remains the same all the time. It keeps on changing time and again.
b. A society is a network of well cultured relationship in between the groups or communities.
c. Society is associated in the act of institutional development on the various norms and values.
d. The members of the society take the aim of social development.
e. Unity in the diversity and the feelings of own is another feature of a society.
f . The members of society may have common goals.
2. Write any four importance of a society.
The importance of a society are as follow;
a.
3. What are the characteristics of development of a society? Write any four of them.
The characteristic features of development of society are;
a. The development of a society is an universal phenomenon.
b. When the change takes in the society, it  takes place in collective way not in individual.
c. The development of a society can not be predicted.
d. The pace of development of the societies are not equal .
e. The activities in the society are usual and planned.
4. Transformation of society symbolizes the development of a society. Highlight the statement in   four points.

Change is the law of nature. Nothing in the world remains as it is. So the society can not go beyond of it. 

Lesson: 2 

Types of Society

very short answer - question

1. What do you mean by anthropologist? 

One who studies about the human development is called anthropologist.

2. What are the types of society on the basis of economy?

The types of society on the basis of economic are capitalist society, socialist society and mixed society.

3. What are the different types of society on the basis of settlement?

The types of society on the basis of human settlement are rural society and urban society.

4. Name the types of society on the basis of time?

The society on the basis of time are ancient society, medieval society and modern society.

5. What do you mean by Agrarian society?

The society depended on agriculture is said agrarian society.

6. Write a feature of pastoral society. 

The society that used to rear animals to fulfill their needs to survive is termed as pastoral society.

7. What kind of society is termed as horticultural society?

The society which produces fruits and vegetables  to live the life is said horticultural society.

8. What do you mean by uni lingual society?

The members of a society which communicate in single language, that language is called uni- lingual society.  

9. Differentiate between uni lingual and bi lingual society in a sentence.

The members of a society who communicate in single language is said uni- lingual society whereas the society, where the members communicate in two different languages is called bi- lingual society.
10 What do you mean by feudal society?
   The society
Short Answer Questions.
1. What are the different types society? Explain any two of them.
There are various of societies and the division of the society is based on different bases. Different anthropologists and socialists have given the bases for the division of the society existing in the world. They are;
a. Society based on economy
b. Society based on languages
c. Society based on religion
d. Society based on mode of life
e. Society based on settlement
f. Society based on time etc.
2. What are types of society on the basis of economy and languages?
  The various types of societies on the basis of economy and languages are as follow:
  Society on the basis of economy are:
  a. Capitalist Society
  b. Socialist Society and
  c. Mixed Society
The societies on the basis of languages are:
  a.  Uni Society,
  b. Multi Lingual Society and
  c. Mixed Lingual Society
3. List the societies on the basis of religion and settlement.
    The types of societies on the basis of  religion and settlement are;
    The types societies on the basis of religion are;
    a. Hindus Society
    b. Buddhist Society
    c. Muslim Society
    d. Christian Society and so on.
    The types of societies on the basis of settlement are;
    a. Urban Society  and
    b. Rural Society
4. What are the various types of societies on the basis of mode of life and time?
     As we have divided the society on the various aspects, some more aspects are;
     a. Mode of life  and
     b. Time
5. What are the various societies on the basis of mode of life?
    Mode of life is one of the division for the division of society. There are various sub divisions of          the society on the basis of mode of life. They are as follow:
    a. Hunting and gathering society
    b. Pastoral society
    c. Horticultural society
    d. Agricultural society
    e. Industrial society
    f. Post-Modern society 

6. What kinds of society do you prefer to live? and why? Answer in points.
Obviously I like to live the post modern society. It is the time of science and technology.
3. Write the types of society on the basis of economy and write a feature of them respectively.
There are various types of society in the world. The types of society on the basis of economy are;
a. Socialist Society
b. Capitalist Society and
c. Mixed Society
a. Socialist Society:
3. Write any four features of Hunting and Gathering Society.
 Hunting and Gathering society was the first step of society. It brought the concept of society and it was the first step towards the civilization. The people of this age used to gather foods by  hunting and gathering. The life style was barbaric and uncultured. The characteristics of Hunting and Gathering society are;
a. The life style of people was nomadic.
b. They were completely depended on the nature.
c. The men used go to the jungle and hunt the animals and collect the foods for family.
d. The women used remain with small children looking after them.
e. The life style of people was very difficult and un managed etc.

 Lesson: 3
Components of a society.......
1. What do you mean by the component of a society?
    A society is composed of various elements and these elements which are required to form the              society. Such elements which helps to form a society is said elements of a society.
2. What are the components of a society?
    The components of society are;
    a. Fixed Territory
    b. Population
    c. Normal Life
    d. Distinct Name
    e. Permanency
    f. Collective Sentiments
    g. Code of Conduct
    h. Feelings of Proud towards the glory of ancestors
3. What are the requirements of an ideal society?
    The ideal society is such society which where the all the components are mobilized in wise
     manner. They are extra components for making an ideal society. The components of an ideal
     society are;
    a. Operation of Code of Conduct
    b. Unity in Diversity
    c. Feelings of Responsibility
    d. Sense of belonging
    e. Collective Efforts
    f. Care and Cooperation and so on.

UNIT:2

   Development and Infrastructure of Development

lesson:1 

Concept of Development

1. What do you mean by development?

Ans: The process of positive and progressive change is development. The change takes place in individual, family, community, village and town and the whole nation and the entire world.

2. Define development according to UN-Charter.

Ans: Development is related not just with the material needs of people but also with the improvement of social condition. Hence development doesnt mean economic development only. It is also social, cultural, and institutional growth. UN-Charter.  
3. What type of countries are called developed countries?

Ans: The countries which are well developed in the physical infrastructures of development, the basic needs of the people are easily avail, the education and the health facilities are in the access of all people, the PCI is very high such countries can be called developed countries. Such as Japan, the USA, France, Germany etc.

4. what do you mean by developing countries?

Ans: The countries, the living standard of people is very poor, the basic needs are not easily available, the PCI is very low, the economy of the country is based on agriculture are said developing countries.

5. Differentiate between GDP and GNP in a sentence.

Ans: The monetary value of the goods and services produced in a country in a fiscal year is called Gross Domestic Product (GDP) whereas the economic statistic which includes the earning from the foreign lands, foreign investments any other grants and support from the foreign countries and organizations is Gross National Product(GNP).     
6. What is Per Capita Income (PCI)?

Ans: The average income of an individual of a country that is made within a fiscal year said per capita income. Per capita income is calculated by the gross domestic product with the total number of population  of a country. 

7. Why is PCI calculated in the US dollar?

Ans: Per Capita Income is calculated in dollar because dollar is the internationally accepted currency throughout the world.

Lesson:2 

Prerequisites of Development

1. What are the basic infrastructures of development?

Ans: The basic requirements of development such as education, human resource, capital, transport, communication, health etc. are considered as the infrastructures of development. 

2. What do you mean by literacy?

Ans; The ability of reading and writing of an individual is literacy and one who can read, write and make simple calculation in written form is a literate.

3. What do mean by 7 Rs? 

Ans: The quality of reading, writing, solving of simple airmatic problems, awared about the rights, responsibilities, manitaing of good relationship and the way of recreation are called 7 Rs.

Lesson: Traditional Skill, Knowledge and Technology

Defination

There are various knowledge and skills to make the life of people easy and comfortable. They follow different types of skills and traditional technology to sustain the life. The skills and technologies which have been following from the ancient time to make the life easy and easy is said traditional technology. The traditional skills and technology and their experties get from one place another wih the span of time. Tuin, dande, doko, dalo, dande, jaanto, kol, theki, madani, thunse etc. are the examples of traditional technilogy and skills.

UNIT:3

OUR TRADITION, SOCIAL VALUES...

Lesson:1

Our Traditional Arts

1. Define traditional arts.

Ans; The precious assets which reflect the customs,tradition and the history of a country are arts. They make the people feel proud to have wonderful arts. Generally the traditional atrs are based on the religious belief, culture, tradition, gods and goddesses.

2. What are the bases for Nepalese Arts?

Ans: Nepalese arts has got a long history. They are the glory of Nepal. The bases for the Nepalese arts are; 

a. Religious beliefs,

b. Culture and tradition,

c. Gods and Goddesses, etc.

3. What were the materials for the Nepalese Arts?

Ans: The arts can be made on any thing. There were no easy availability of the materials as they are available in the present. The ancient Nepalese artisans used to use wall, cloths, stones, wood, clay, metal and so on.

4. What do you mean by painting (chitrakala)?

Ans: Painting is a kind of art of expressing the ideas and feelings in the form of drwing. Here, the artist expresses his/her ideas, feelings, imotion, knowledge in the form of picture.

5. What are the bases of Nepalese paintings? 

Ans; The traditional atrs of Nepal are based on the rligious belifs as reflect Nepalese culture, lifestyle, norms, values and beliefs as they were not the opened expressed ones.

6. Why do you think that the ancient Nepales paintings are not availble at prsent ?

Ans: The historians believe that the paintings of Nepal was developed in the Lichchhavi period along with sculpture because first picture is made and the idol is made on it. As the paintings were made on clothes, leaves, wall, papers, they have less durability and many natural disasters have destroyed them. 

Unit: 3 

Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms

Lesson: 3

Nepalese Architectures

 

Nepal is an ancient country. It is very rich in ancient arts and culture in the world. Specially the Kathmandu valley is very rich in this aspect. It even can be called the city of temples. There are various historical palaces, temples, gumbas, stupas, monasteries and others. The architecture in Nepali is called Bastukala. The art though which a building, temple, palace or a monastery is designed is known as architecture or Bastukala in Nepali language.

The ancient architectures of Nepal are found to be the best in the history of Nepal. They are very important from all the aspects of the history. Many of the such heritages of the nation have disappeared because of the natural and man made disasters. The heritages of ancient Nepal are not available at present but the heritages of Medieval Nepal are found in enough number. Kailashkut Bhawan of Amshuverma, Bhadradhiwash of Narendra Dev and Mangriha of Man Dev Lichachhavi dynasty are not in the existence at present situation.

The temples, palaces, monasteries and the stupas of Medieval Nepal are found in enough number. The temple Nyatapola of Bhaktapur built during the time of king Bhupatindra Malla, Pachapanna Jhyale Durbar, Patan Durbr etc. are the examples. 

Generally there are three types historical architectures found in Nepal. They are;

Pagoda Style

Stupa Style

Shikhar Style

Pagoda Style

 

Pagoda style is a common style found in Nepal. It is the style of multi storied having more than one roof. The base of the pagoda style structure is broad and its gets narrowing towards the top. The pinnacle, the gajur is placed at the top. The ground floor of this type of structure is separated to place the god, and goddesses to be worshiped. The upper floors are separated for keeping the goods, they belong to the gods and the goddesses and the temples. Pashupatinath temple, Nyatapola of Bhaktapur, Kasthamandap of Kathmandu are the examples of the pagoda style structures found in Nepal.

Stupa Style

Stupa style structure found in Nepal is one of the ancient architectures. The Stupa style structure is based on the Buddhism. It is believed that the stupa style structure was introduced by the Emperor Ashoka. It is build with the broad base and tapering top, which looks like an overturned bowl. It is in the hemispherical dome and the tall and narrowing pinnacle is placed at the top of the dome. Bouddhanath, Swyambhunath, Charumati stupa of Chabhil, Ashok stupa of Patan, Mayadevi temple of Lumbini etc. are the excellent examples of the structures of stupa style. Among them, the Ashok stupa is believed to be the oldest stupa found in Nepal. 

 

Shikhar Style

Among many ancient architectural styles, shikhar style is the one of fine architectures of Nepal. The historians believed that this style got entered in Nepal in 4th century from India. Shikhar style is one the unique structure of the world. The structure is tall and it is roofless. There are several tapering tops with the pinnacles. Generally they are made up of the stones.  The base of this structure is broad and it gets narrowing at the top which looks like a mountain thus is called the Shikhar style. They were very popular in the 17th century in Nepal. Krishna mandir and Maha Bouddha temples of Patan are the excellent examples. Watsalya Devi temple of Bhaktapur, Shiva temple of Indra chok, Kathmandu are also the examples of Shikhar style found in Nepal. 

Some more structures found in Nepal are;

Mughal style 

European style

Gumbaj style

Modern style, etc.

  The Ways to preserve them

The ancient art and architectures of a nation are the identity the nation. They reflect the life style, culture, tradition and the economic activities followed in the past. They are the good means of tourism activities. They need to be preserved and promoted. The ways to preserve and promote them are;

a. The awareness campaign need to be launched through different medias.

b. The local people around the heritages should be aware about the importance of the heritages. 

c. The local people should get involved in the preservation and promotion of the heritages.   

d. The commercial activities around heritages should get stopped.

e. The sanitation around the heritages should be maintained.

f. The provision of tight security should be maintained from the government.

g. Different hording boards around the heritages should get removed, etc. 

 Governmental and non-governmental organization involved preservation and promotion of them

a. Department of Archaeology

b. Nepal Tourism Board

c. Nepal Association of Fine Arts

d. Nepal Academy

e. Lalit Kala Campus ( a college of fine arts) and so on.

UNIT: 4

SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

Very Short Answer Questions:

1. Define social problem.

 The bad social practices which are against the code of conduct and the norms and values of the society which are the creation of an individual or a  group is called social problem.

eg. Gambling, alcoholism, etc.

2. What do you mean by social evil?

 The inhuman activities of the society which are performed or practiced in the name of religion, culture and tradition is said social evil. eg. Child Marriage 

3. Write a social problem of your community and suggest ameasure to overcime it.

The social problem of my society is drug abuse. Some of the young generation of our society are involved in it. The measure to over come from this problem is awareness and proper attention of the family members.

4. What is Chhau Pratha?

 It is a kind of social problem in which a girl or a woman has to stay in the chhau(a small hut) during her mensuration period. 

5. Why do you think this Chhau pratha is still in practice even in this post modern era?

It is a culture which has been following from the ancient time. The people of this region fear that if they do not follow it, the local deity curse them with unexpected troubles.

6.What is Deuki system?

It is a kind of social tradition, in which a girl child is offered ( given) to the god in the temple, where she has to take care of the temple.

7 What is regional social problem? Give an example.

The social problem of a particular region, which is not found in other places is called regional social problem. eg. Chhau Pratha of Far-Western Nepal.

8. Write some social problems existed in our society.

The social problems existed in our society are;

a. Poverty

b. Unemployment 

c. Gender and racial based discrimination

d. Alcohol abuse

e. Political corruption

f. Economic deprivation, etc.

Short Answer Questions.

1. What is social problem? What are the causes of social problems?

 The social activities which are against the social code of conducts of the society which are the hindrances to the development in every aspect is termed as social problem. Examples; alcohol abuse, dowry system, gambling, etc.

The causes of social problems are; 

a. Extreme poverty

b. Rapid population growth

c. Urbanization

d. Lack of education and awareness 

e. Blind faith in superstitious beliefs

f. Gender and caste based discrimination, etc.

Lesson: 2 

Corruption

1. What do you mean by corruption?

Answer: The act of misuse of assigned  authority by the public post holders for person benefit is termed as corruption. It is considered as one of the major social problem of a nation. Corruption creates the social conflict, inequality and violation in the society.

2. What are the causes of corruption?

Answer: There are various causes of corruption. These causes can be classified into the following categories. They are;

* Low salary and wages

* Nepotism and favoritism

* Culture of getting service with the help of bribe in incompletion procedure.

* Commercialization of education and health services in the developing and least developed countries.

* Political protections to the corrupts

* Very strong net-work of corrupt people.

* Lack of good governance and rule of law.

* Development of feelings of superiority in the society.

* Nature of over spending

* Influenced by the foreign cultures

* Political appointment

* Political instability and political interference

* Nontransparent in the expenditure of the organization  

* Monopoly in the power and authority

* Lack of accountability

3. What are the effects of corruption in the society?

Answer: 

We know that corruption is a big problem of any society or a country. It always hinders the development of the society. The effects of the corruption in the society or a nation are;

* Corruption helps to create the hindrances in the development activities of a nation.

* It violates the rule of law and good governance.

* The physical development of a nation remains back.

* The potential and eligible candidates/human resource remains back.

* It assists to hamper the democracy.    

* The nation would be lead by the inefficient human resource and the leaders.

* The people with weak finance status would always have to work on the throw price.

4. What can be the appropriate solutions of the corruption?

Answer: The following suggestion may support in the act of minimizing the corruption from a nation; 

* The political commitment is required to control it.

* The policy of social boycott has to be adopted.

* The principle of good governance and rule of law should be adopted strongly. 

* The state has to increase the salary of the public potholders and the market should be under the control of the government.

* The organizations working against the corruptions have to be empowered and they need to be out of the political interference.

* The act of transparency should be maintained in each and every financial activities of the state.

* The education and health facilities need to be in the easy and finance free access of every citizen.    

5. What kinds of efforts have been made to control the corruption in Nepal?

Answer: Corruption is a social crime of the society. It always focus on the personal development with unfair means. The act of corruption always leads the backwards. It has to come under the control. The efforts made control the corruption are;

* The provision of Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority to control the corruption.

* Formation of anti-corruption acts;

= Corruption Prevention Act-2059,

= Money Laundering Prevention Act-2064

= Money Laundering Prevention Regulation - 2066.

* The provision of National Vigilance Center, which promotes good governance and check the corruption and tries to reduce the slowness of the government services.

* Nepal has signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption-10th December,2003. It was ratified by the parliament on 31st March,2011

* The efforts of rewards to the reports of corruption,

* Efficient efforts of mass medias and INGOs,

* Efforts of awareness through different medias and so on

6. What do you mean by Corruption Perception Index?

Ans: Corruption Perception Index is an indicator of corruption of the countries of the world prepared by the Transparency International. It provides the score and ranks the countries being based on how much the public sector of a country is perceived to be and calculated on the basis of various surveys prepared various organizations working against the corruption.

Lesson: 3 

Socaial Problems; Prostitution, Addiction and Misconduct

1. What do you mean by prostitution?

Ans: In general prostitution is a sex trade. Here, one gets involved in illegal or immoral act of sex for money. 

2. What are the causes behind the act of prostitution?

Ans; We know that prostitution is an immoral and illegal act related to sex. We also call it the act of sex trade where men and women both are involved in this act. The Causes behind prostitution can be as follow:

a. Poverty,

b. Ignorancy,

c. Illiteracy,

d. Unemployment, 

e. Gender based discrimination,

f. Family dispute and conflicts, etc. 

3. What are the various effects brought by the prostitution?

Ans; We know well the act of prostituton is a crime by the law of our country. It is considered as anti-social activity. The various effects brought by prostitution are;

a. Loss of name and fame of the individual involved in this act and the family members.

b. The one engaged in this act have to encounter with physical and mental torture,

c. This type of act helps to spread the sexully transmitted diseses like HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea and so on

d. As it is against the law, once they caought, they need to face the legal action from state authority.

e. They feel insecured and morally down as it is considered as an immoral act.

4. What could be the measures to control this act of prostitution?

Ans: The act of prostitution is considered as an immoral and illegal work although there are a large number of people are involved in it as professin. There could be various steps to minimize or control it. They are as follow;

a. First of all the education and awareness campaign have to be launched throughout the country,

b. A large number of population is suffering of extreme poverty, so the state has to launch poverty alleviation programs throughout the country,

c. The state has to join hands with the local community, social organizaions, civil society and others to control this act,

d. The state has to focus on women education and the employment opportunity,

e. The individuals involved in the act of prostitution, should be provided the alternatives for surviving.

f. The law against the prostitution should come into the operation in effective way etc.

5. What kinds of efforts have been made to control the act of prostitution by the state?

Ans: Although there shall be various organizations to minimize the act of prostitution, the state has the prime duty to minimize it. The various efforts made to control prostitution in Nepal are;

a.Human Trafficking and Transportaton (Control) Act-2064 has been enforced,

b. There have been established various organizations to control the Human Trafficking and rescuing the trafficked girls from the brothels,

c. The task of Raiding is going regularly in the possible areas of prostitution by Nepal Police,

d. The legal actiuons are being carried out against the prostitutes and one who enforce them in this act.

e. Various women empowering programs have been launched with alots of awareness campaigns etc.      

6. What do you understand by addiction?

Ans: A chronic habit of taking substances or engage in different behaviours that become compulsive and often continue dispite of harmful consequences is called addiction. eg. smoking, taking alcohal, gambling, and so on.

7. What could be the causes of addiction?

Ans: One doesn't involve in the addiction at once. There could be various causes behind it. Some of the causes are as follow:

a. Disputes and conflicts in the parents and the family members,

b. Influenced by the various exposers easily available in the virtual world,

c. Bad comapny pressure,

d. Lack of time to have interaction with the parents and guardians,

e. Excessive desires of being a role model,

f. Mental pressure and so on.

8. What could be the effects of addiction?

Ans: We know that addiction is a bad habit. It brings alot of problems or effects in all sectors. They could be as follow;

a. The name and the fame of the family is ruined in the society,

b. It causes the loss of health and the wealth,

c. As it helps to loss the health, it assissts to loose the good manpower of nation too.

d. The addicted one losses the faith and trust from the family and the society,

e. The act of addiction become the barrier in the path of personal development of an idividual,

f. It helps to increase the crime in the society.

9. Suggest some measure to control the act of addiction. 

Ans: There are various ways of minimizing addiction. They can be as follow;

a. Stay away from the bad company,

b. The family members have to maintain harmony among the family members,

c. There should enough time with parents and guardians to hear the feelings of children,

d. There should be the culture of proper counselling with people involved in the addiction,

e. They need to engaged in the innovative and creative works,

f. There need to be loving and caring environment in the family,

10. What are the various efforts made to control the addiction?

Ans; Addiction is a big social problem of a society. It has to be minimized as soon as possible. The efforts made to control the addiction are;

a. Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act-2033 has been enforced by the state,

b. The awareness programs have been launched through different medias and social sites,

c. The rehabilitation centers have been established through out the country,

d. About the drug addiction and its harmful effects have been included in the school curriculum,

e. Various NGOs and INGOs are established and they are launching awareness programs and supporting the government to control the drug addiction. 

10. What do you understand by misconduct(bullying)?

Ans: The act of inssulting, mistreating, provoking, spreading unwanted rumors, showing arrogant behaviours, etc. can be termed as bullyig. Isolating from the group and fun of thers for own plesure is too come under mistreat. It is also a kind of social problem of the society as helps in creation of many problems in the individual and the society.

11. What are the various types of bullying?

Ans: There are various types of bullyig. The types of bullying can be as follow;

a. Verbal 

b. Physical 

c. Sexual

d. Relational 

e. Cyber

f. Prejudicial

12. What are the causes of bullying?

Ans: The act of bullying others for own pleasure is a social problem. There are various causes behind it. They can be as follow;

a. The arrogant nature

b. The feeling of jealousy

c.  Development of the sense of revange

d.  To become the leader of the group

e.  To make fun  of others for pleasure

f.  To draw the attention in the group and so on.

13. What could be the effects of bullying?

Ans: As bullying is a social problem, It creates alot of problems. The problems created by bullying are;

a. First of all ithelps to destroy the environment of friendship among the friends,

b. It evens assissts to develop the situation of violation among the friends,

c. It fosters to develop the feeling of revange,

d. It develops the environment of distrust too,

e. The one who is victimize, would feel loneliness and fall in the psychological problem,

f. The process of socialization may get disturbed, and so on.

14. What could be the measures to overcome the problem of bullying? 

Ans: As the problem of bullying is seen, it has to get settled. The following steps could be followed to settle the act of bullying;

a. The moral and valued education should be given from early age in the school,

b. The good and positive works should be encouraged and reward,

c. The children should be supported to develop the feeling of empathy and sympathy,

d. All the children have to get the respect from all sectors,

e. The awareness campaign should be launched in the schools throughout the country and so on.  

Lesson: 7

Various Efforts Made for Social Reformation in Nepal

The society we are living with is not the result of the present. It has passed several ups and downs with the span of time. The various rulers from the ancient time have made attempts to bring the changes in the society. The various reforms made by the various rulers of Nepal in their time are given here;

1. Jayasthiti Malla

Divided the people into different castes on the basis of the nature of work and perform the tasks on the basis of the divided castes.

b. He divided the Newar into 64 castes on the basis of professions,

c. Among the Newars, Shrestha, Baidhya, Daibgya, Bajracharya were put into the list of upper caste,

d. The lower caste people were to show the respect to the higher castes,

e. The land was divided into अब्बल, दोएम, सिम र चाहर।

f. The houses of the main roads, the houses of the lane and the houses inside the lanes were the three types of houses,

g. He even introduced माना, पाथी, कुरुवा, धार्नी,पाउ, छाटक,तोला , etc. 

2. Mahindra Malla

Mahindra Malla became the king of Kantipur in 1560 AD. Introduced the provision of decentralization of power and authority. 

a. He appointed Pradhans to settle the conflicts and disputes of local levels and Kharidar in the national level. 

b.He introduced the coins of silver in the valley in the suggestion of the Mughal Emperor of Delhi. 

c. He announced to take the brunch in between 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM. that he wanted to eat after eating by his people.  

3. Ram Shah

Ram Shah became the king of Gorkha in 1609 AD. He was a Just King. He brought the reforms in the kindom of Gorkha;

a.He was known for giving justice to the people, so there was a saying "Go to Gorkha, if you are deprived of justice" न्याय नपाए गोर्खा जानू"।. 

b.He introduced modern method of measurement, like, १० मुठ्ठी = १ माना, ८ माना= १ पाथी, २० पाथी = १ मुरी |

c. १० लाल =१ मासा,१० मासा= १तोला ,२७ तोला = १ बडि, ४ बडी = १ बिसौली, २ बिसौली = १ धार्नी। 

d. He introduced the legal provision to control the blaming witch.

e. He made the provision of using the ornament according to class,

f. He strictly said that when the land was given as बिर्ता, to mention all the legal provision in the presence of officials to minimize the conflict.

g. The provision of तलसिङ  and मोही was made. 

h. He officially announced not to take the interest more than 10% in the cash and 25% in the goods.

4. Prithivinarayan Shah 

He wrote the दिब्योपदेस, the Devine Counsel to provide the moral values to the people of Gorkha, 

He discouraged corruption saying "Both who take and give the bribe are the greatest enemies of the nation".  घुस लिन्या र दिन्या दुबै देशका सत्रु हुन्।

5. Junga Bahadur Rana

a. He enacted the first written of Nepal called the Civil Code, मुलुकी ऐन in 1910 BS.

b. The मुलुकी ऐन had prohibited Child Marriage, सति प्रथा |.

c. It made the provision in the parental property to the daughters who didn't get married till 35 years of their life, etc.

d. He established Durbar High School in 1910 BS,

6. Dev Shumsher

He was the very leberal Rana Prime Minister among the nine Rana Prime Ministers. He established more than 150 language schools in the country.

7. Chandra Shumsher

a. He abolished the inhuman practice, the Sati Pratha through the legal Act in 1977 BS.

b. He even abolished the slavery system paying the debt of the slaves to the masters in 1981 BS.

c. He established the Tri-Chandra College for higher education.

8. Juddha Shumsher

a. He fixed 13 days to mourn in the name of death ritual,

b. He discouraged extravagant in the name of feast and festivals,

c. He even discouraged the dowry system.

9. Padma Shumsher

a. He established Padmodaya High School, Padma Kanya Campus, 

b. He sent the Nepalese teachers in India for Teachers Training,

10 After advent of Democracy in 2007 BS,

a. The Constitution was commenced in 2015 BS,

b. Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 BS,

c. The first General Election for Parliamentary System was held in 2015 BS,

d. Nepal got the membership of the UNO in 1955 AD,

e. Nepal Rastra Bank was established in 2013 BS, etc.

11. During the Panchayat Rule through the amended Muluki Ain 2020

a. Discrimination based on caste was abolished,

b. Polygamy, unmatched marriage, child marriage etc. were considered illegal and punishable,

c. Widow marriage and inter-caste marriage were given recognition,

d. The provision of Court Marriage was introduced,

e. Untouchability was considered as illegal act,

f. The age for marriage for boys was 21 years and 18 years for girls without consent of the parents, 

g. The age difference between husband and wife need not to be more than 20 years,

h. Unmarried daughter above 35 years was considered as a legal member of the family for parental property, etc.

12. After Restoration of Democracy of 2046 BS

a. The Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal was commenced in 2047 BS,

b. It introduced Constitutional Monarchy in the country,

c. It guaranteed the fundamental rights to the people,

d. The Kamaia Pratha ( bounded labour) ended in 2057 BS,

13. After Establishment of Loktantra in 2063 BS 

a. Nepal was declared Secular State,

b. Nepal was declared Republic State ending the 240 years old Monarchial System, 

c. The Haliya Pratha was abolished in 2065 BS,

d. The provision of different commissions, like National Women Commission, National Dalit Commission, Madhesi Commission, Muslim Commission, Tharu Commission, etc. are made in the Constitution of Nepal.

Lesson:5 

Fundamental Rights

 

Background

The social claims which are provided by the state to its citizens literally called Right. The rights are the inborn claims of a human being for his/her overall development. The democratic nations make sure of such rights to its people as they are the essential claims. In fact, we can say that the essential rights which are required for overall development of the citizens is known as Fundamental Rights. The Constitution of Nepal has made the provision of fundamental rights in part; 3 from article:16 to 46. 

These Rights are enlisted below:

1. Right to live with dignity

2. Right to Freedom

Every citizen of Nepal shall the following rights as the fundamental rights;

* Freedom of opine and expression

* Freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms

* Freedom to form political party or organization

* Freedom to form unions and associations

*Freedom to move and reside any part of Nepal and 

* Freedom to engage in any occupation or be engaged in employment, establish and operate industry,        trade and business in any part of Nepal. 

3. Right to Equality

4. Right to Communication

5. Right to Justice

6. Right of Victim of Crime

7. Right against Torture

8. Right against Preventive Detention

9. Right against Untouchability and Discrimination

10. Right to Property

11. Right to Religious Freedom

12. Right to Information

13. Right to Privacy

14. Right against Exploitation,

15. Right regarding Clean Environment

16. Right to Education

17. Right to Language and Culture

18. Right to Employment

19. Right regarding Labour

20. Right Health Care

21. Right to Food 

22. Right to Housing

23. Right of Women

24. Right of Children

25. Rights of Dalit

26. Right of Senior Citizens

27. Right to Social Justice

28. Right to Social Security

29. Right of Consumers

30. Right against Exile

31. Right to Constitutional  Remedies

are the fundamental rights granted by the Constitution of Nepal promulgated on 3rd Ashoj,2072.

Lesson:6

Right to Information

Background

The notice or any kind of written form of public interest brought by an authorized public body of a state is generally said information. It is brought out to inform the public about the activities happening in the public bodies.

The act of seeking information on the various activities or the functions taking place in the public bodies through different means is Right to Information.  The part:3, article :27 of the Constitution of Nepal has guaranteed the Right to Information. It has guaranteed as the fundamental Right under Fundamental Right.

 

The Public Bodies

The bodies or the agencies established as per the law or the constitution of the nation with the aim of providing the services to the people is said Public Bodies. They are formed to provide the services to the people. They always pay attention in the development works and conduct the tasks to carry out the democratic activities to institutionalize democracy and act as pro-public in the nation.

Some of the Public Bodies : 

a. Authorities formed under the Constitution of the nation,

b. Bodies formed by the Government of Nepal,

c. Corporate authorities or academy formed to provide the public services,

d. The political parties or political organizations,

e. The Corporate bodies funded and operated by the Government of Nepal,

f. The Non-Governmental Organizations operated in the country, etc.

Importance of Right to Information

Right to information is one of the important aspects of Right to Information. The people of a nation are to be aware about their rights and the duties as a civilized and good citizen. If they are aware and civilized towards acquiring their right to information, the democracy of the nation may function the best. The good governance, rule of law and transparency are maintained and democracy become sustainable. It even helps to make the peoples' representatives more active and accountable towards the mandates given to them through election by the people. The following points highlight the importance of Right to Information.

a. Sovereignty of people is assured,

b. Good governance and Rule of Law is maintained,

c. Public decision is made and operated,

d. Minimizes all types of abuses of authority, irregularities and impunities,

e. Boosts up the public oriented services,

f. Inclusion of public in the governance,

g. Promotion of Rule of Law,

g. Discouragement to fake information,

h. Encouragement of Civil Education and promotion of democratic governance system, etc.

The subjects which come under Right to Information

• To observe and verify the works, files or documents,
• To take note of documents or record, to take extract essence,  
• To take certified copy of documents,
• Information in print, diskettes, pen drives, tape, videos, cassettes or any electronic means,  

The issues beyond the Right to Information

• Information that seriously interrupt the sovereignty of Nepal, territorial integrity, national security, public peace and order or international relation relation,
• Information about research, investigation of accusation of criminal cases,
• Confidential information that may or pose threat to one's life or property,
•  Information prone to embitter relation among various castes/tribes or denominations, 
• Information that pose threat to individual, privacy and life of person, property, health security.

Unit: 6 

Geography

Lesson: 8

Cartography and Map Work

Cartography, map, globe and atlas

The art and science of drawing or representing the geographical places with the help of maps, charts and figure is known as cartography. The art of drawing map is known as cartographer.

The act of representing the surface of the earth on the flat sheet of paper using various signs and symbols is map. It is one of the essential part of study of military, industry, communication, transportation, etc.

A book that contains maps and various statistics related to geographical regions is said Atlas.

The representation of the surface of the earth in the form a ball is said globe. It symbolizes the earth model. The upper top is north pole whereas the bottom part is south pole.

The various types of map:

a. Climate map

b. Resource based map

c. Physical map

d. Political map

e. Topographical map

f. Road map 

g. Ecological map

The crucial elements of a map are;

a. Title 

b. Directions

c. Legend/Index

d. Scale

The methods of making map

a. Freehand Method

b. Carbon Method

c. Tracing Method 

d. Photocopy Method

e. Square Method 

f. Template Method 

Modern Methods of map

a. Global Positioning System (GPS)

b. Geographical Information System (GIS)

 The ratio of distance in a map to mention the actual surface of the earth is scale. It represents the distance of two different places.

The scale gets depended in :

a. Area of earth's surface (to be shown)

b. Inclusion of details 

c. The size of paper

There are various types of scales. The types of scale are;

a. The Statement

b.  Representative Fraction

c. Linear Scale

b. Direction

The arrow used in a map to show the directions. Generally the arrow shows the north direction. It helps map reader to find out the place, he is searching. It is also called the compass or bearing. It is based on the position of a magnetic north with the value of 0° . They are; 

i. The 90° right is Due East

ii. 180° below is Due South

iii. 270° left is Due South

 

 

Unit:7

Our Past

Lesson:7

Anglo-Nepal War

 Introduce 

The war which broke out in between Nepal and East India Company on 1st November,1814 and continued till 2nd December,1815 and ended with Sugauli Treaty is called Anglo-Nepal war. It is said that Nepal was attacked from five sides at once. The Nepalese were winning the wars in three places but they were loosing two places. When East India Company was loosing the battle, it spreaded the falls rumors that Nepalese are loosing in all places to demotivate the soldiers of Nepal.    

The British had entered Indian sub-continent in 1600 AD. They were sent there by Queen Victoria. They got in India in the form of traders and settled. The main motive of them was to impose the British Imperialism.  

The Causes of Anglo - Nepal War

The English were from cool place. They were looking an opportunity to make their entry in Nepal. Nepal was a naturally beautiful country. It was cool and gentle place for their settlement to handle the South Asia. Nepal was a growing power and East India Company wanted to stop the act of Nepal at any cost. If they did not do that, they were to make a movement from India. The various causes behind the Anglo-Nepal war were;

A. Political Cause;

a. Instigation of the defeated kings of Baise and Chaubise kingdoms:

During the unification of Nepal, king Prithivinarayan Shah and his heirs and the brave Gorkhali united the fragmented Nepal into a greater Nepal. During this campaign in between 1801 to 1863 BS. the defeated kings of the 53 principalities took asylum in India. They instigated the East India Company to attack Nepal encouraging them that they would help in invasion. Their motive was to get their territory  back. 

b. The Secrete Policy Bhimsen Thapa

Bhim Sen Thapa was givin the continuity to the policy of Prithivinarayan Shah. The Christian Missionaries had sought to stay in Kantipur in the request of Jayaprakash Malla. It was not liked by PN. Shah and Bhimsen Thapa. Bhimsen Thapa had made an alliance with Pujab, Maratha, Burma and Gwaliar to chaise away the British Imperialism from the South Asia. It was going on in the leadership of Bhimsen Thapa. The East India Company came to know it and it wanted to capture Nepal at any cost to remain in India and South Asia. 

B. Economic Causes:

As Nepal was naturally beautiful, it was very sound in its economic status too. There was a trade relation with India China and Tibbet. Nepal was full of natural resources which had made Nepal very rich. As Nepal was full of jungles, East India Company wanted to take the timber of Nepal to extend the railway net work in India. 

C. Militarism:

Nepal had prepared a strong Military Power. This military power helped Nepal to extend its territory. The other states in South Asia were scared of the military strength of Nepal. The British got scared of it and they started making a plot for war against Nepal.

D. Policy of Economic Imperialism of East India Company:

The East India Company had entered in India with the motive of imposing imperialism in 1600 AD. It went on capturing the small weaker states first and others. It wanted to take Nepal as it was very suitable for settlement and full of natural and cultural resources.

E. Keen interest in the natural resources of Nepal:

 As Nepal was very cool and beautiful place, the British, the people wanted to take it at any cost as they were from very cool place England. The climate of Nepal was very similar to their country. Their motto was to make Nepal center of power to rule the South Asia.

D. Immediate Cause;

Butwal and Syuraj were governed by Palpa. Palpa was to  pay the revenue to Bazir Singh, the Nawab of Abadh, Punjab. They were given to Palpa with the terms and condition of paying revenue annually to Bazir Singh, the Nawab of Pujab. In mean time, Nepal annexed Palpa into Nepal and it said Butwal and Syuraj too come in the basket of Nepal IN 1863 BS. The East India Company was observing it in micro level. As soon Punjab went in the control of East India Company, it demanded these places.  

The General Hesting of East India Company sent a letter of threatening to the government of Nepal to return Butwal and Syuraj. The Government of Nepal denied to return the lands and the Lord Hesting declared the war against Nepal on 1st November,1814.

The Consequences of Anglo-Nepal War;

a. Nepal was forced to signed to Sugauli Treaty in very himuliating codition.

b. Nepal had to give the very beautiful and cool places like Kumau, Gadhwa, Naini taal, Darjeeling etc. to East India Company.

c. The East India Company and its ambassador started intereing in the internal affairs of Nepal.

d. The campaign of unification got stopped completely.

e. The act of recruitment of Nepalese youth in the British Army got started.

f. Loss of lives and properties in an unexpected amount.

g. The foreigners had to take the permission from East India Company to enter in Nepal, and so on.

The Brave Warriers of Anglo-Nepal War

धेरै बर्षअघिको कथा नालापानीको सानोसानो नेपाल फुल जस्तो कोमल देश दाउ लगाउने बैरी गर्थ्यो बिचार नालापानी किल्लामा नलिई आराम छिन् भर नसुती चारै प्रहर खुबै सित लडेरे बलभद्र कुवर । पहाडको टाकुरी चम्के चमचम खुकुरी जसरी मेघ गर्जन छ आकासमा सनन उसरी गर्जे नेपाली नालापानी घनन मुला काटी झैँ काटी खुकुरी घुमे फनन । एकरात सुनसाम पानी आउने मुहान बैरी आइ थुने छ सास धान्ने कसरी मनमनै गुनेर यसरी कि उसरी नेपालको फौजले त्यहाबाट आटले पाइला चल्यो सुस्तरी स्वास्नी मान्छे ओइरेर केटाकेटि धुइरेर युद्धको खेल खेले थे उछितोपारी बैरीको तर कठै छोडेथे घुड्को नपाइ पानीको अझ ताजा छदैछ रगतले लेखेको धेरै वर्षअघिको कथा नालापानीको ।
- Madhav Pd. Ghimire

☆Balbhadra Kuwar

>Balbhadra Kuwar was one of the great warriers of Anglo-Nepal war. He was the incharge of the fort of Kalanga at Nalapani.

>He was there to fight against General Gillespie and Colenol Maubi 600 soldiers including women and children.

>General Gillespie sent aletter to surrender to Balbhadra but his letter was ignored with the resonse of 'I am not in the habit of reading letter at mid-night,I will meet Gillespie very soon'. 

>Both General Gillespie and Lieutenat Ellis were killed by the Nepalese soldiers and the remaining soldiers fled to Dehradun.

>Balbhadra Kuwar demanded the help from Kathmandu. The troop with the required foods and weapons coming towards Nalapani were blocked at Nahan. Now the Nepalese troops couldn't get any support.

>The English troop atacked athe fort of Khalanga again in the command of General Maubi.

>Once again, it was difficult to loose the Nepalese troop. Now they cut off the water supply to the fort. 

>Getting noway, the Nepalese troops came out of the fort quenched the thirst.

>"It was impossiblre to for you to conquer the fort but now Iam leaving it on my will" it was the roar of Balbhadra while he and his troops were leaving the fort. 

>The English troops had admired the bravery of Balbhadra and his handle full soldiers.with the words of "This is ncribed as a tribute and respect for our gallant adversary Balbhadra, commander of the fortand his brave Gurkhas"

☆Amar Singh Thapa

Amar Singh Thapa was called Bada Kaaji. He was the most prominent warrier among all the warriers.

He was son of Bhim Singh Thapa. Bhim Singh Thapa was the commander of Gorkaha during the unification campaign of Nepal.

Bhim Singh Thapa was killed at the battle of PLanachok and Amar Singh Thapa was given marat.

Amar SIngh Thapa was called the Living  Lion of Nepal. He extended the order of  Nepal up toriver Sutlej conquering the Baise and Chaubise rajyas.

During the Anlo-Nepal War he faught agaisnt the soldiers of Sir David Ochterlony in the western boder.

It is also believed that a year before the son of Amar Singh Thapa and Sir David Ochoterlony had the Miteri Relation.

As he was very dissatisfied and frusted with the Sugauli Treaty,  he left the job and went to Gosaikunda and started the life of ascetic till the last breathe.

☆Bhakti Thapa

Bhakti Thapa was the oldest commander among all the commanders. He was 70 years old.

He was the chieftan of Lamjung during the unification campaign. As it came under Gorkha, he started to fight from the Gorkhali Troops.

As Western Nepal was realised unsecured, Bhakti Thapa was sent there with 2000 solders to protect Deuthal. 

The Nepalese Troops faught very bravely there.

Bhakti Thapa got martyrdom by a cannon ball of English Troop.

Major Ochterlony handed over the corpse of Bhakti Thapa with the due respect to the Nepalese Troops.

The formality of death ritual was performed with the state honors.

Beyond them, Ranjor Singh Thapa, Ranabir Singh Thapa and others fought to protect Nepal from being colonized from the East India Company. 

The Stone Inscription praising Brave Gorkha  by East India Company

Lesson: 4 

Industrial Revolution      

Introduction

The act of rapid development in the industrial sector in England in the late 18th century is said the Industrial Revolution. It got started with the steam power and which led towards the development of industries and the mass production. The revolution in the industrial sector replaced the manual power and established the power of machines.

It got started with the machines to produce cotton and woolen threads and their products. Gradually the development took it pace in agriculture, transportation, trade and other sectors too. The revolution in the industry brought a great changes in social, economical, political, cultural and others areas as well in England. 

The act of inauguration of industrial development in England got spread through out the world. It moved towards France, Italy, Japan, the USA etc. England prohibited importing of cotton products from India, China and Iran in 1700 AD but there was a high demand of cotton products in England and the Europe. 

In those days, there were traditional spinning wheels and hand looms to spin the threads. The production of them were not enough to the spinners. When the demands of the people was fulfilled, the invention of spinning machine was invented. John Kay invented the waving machine called the Flying Shuttle in 1743 AD.   

Unit : 8

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Lesson:1

Agriculture

1. Introduction 

 The prime economic activity of Nepal is agriculture. It is the main source of food stuffs of Nepal. About 65% of total population is involved in agriculture. It covers about 23.13% of GDP of Nepal (2020 AD.). As it contributes in the national economy in 23% and it provides the employment opportunity to more than 60% of total population, Nepal is categorized as the agricultural country.

2. Importance of Agriculture

 As Nepal an agricultural country, the agriculture has got great importance in the agriculture sector for national economy of the country. They are as follow;

a. Agriculture is the main source of national economy of Nepal.

b. It is the prime source of foodstuffs of human beings and  the animals and the poultices.

c. Agriculture is the main source of raw materials for the aggro based industries of Nepal.

c. The agricultural products are the main source of the goods exported in the foreign lands.

d. About more than 60% of the total population of Nepal is employed in agriculture and it has served to minimize unemployment problems of Nepal.

e.  Agriculture is the back bone of the national economy of Nepal,etc.

3. The Problems of Agriculture in Nepal

Answer: Nepal is one of the agricultural country of the world. it is a least developing nation. it has been facing a lot of problems in many sectors. The problems it has been facing in the agricultural sectors are;

a. Very traditional method of farming,

b. Difficult topography and unequal distribution of lands,

c. The access of irrigation facilities is not equally available in all parts of agricultural lands,

d. Lack of agricultural tools, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, improved seeds and so on,

d. Extreme poverty,

e. Lack of budget to conduct the agricultural activities, 

f. Lack of good transport facilities to take the agricultural products in the market,      

g. Lack of storage facilities, and so on.

4. The Measures to Overcome the Problems of in the Agriculture

a. The state has to provide the soft loans to the farmers of Nepal, 

b. The physical infrastructures like roads, transport , communication should reach in the access of every farmers,

c. The state has to ensure the facilities of markets and price of the products before they get into the hands of the consumers,

d. There should be training to the farmers and the modern agricultural tools, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides reach into the hands of the farmers,

e. The irrigation facilities should be available in the agricultural field of the farmers,

f. The farmers should start the commercial farming even in the form of cooperative,

g. The state has to draft a long term  plans and policies for agricultural development.

h. Modern and scientific agricultural methods have to be adopted for better production, and so on. 

Lesson: 2 

Modern Agriculture System

 Introduction

Nepal is agricultural country. A large number of population is involved in agricultural occupation. Though it is a seasonal occupation, it is the prime economic activity of Nepal. The economic activity of agriculture has to improved for better production and reduce the import the aggro based products from abroad. 

The act of improved agricultural activities for better production is said Modern Agriculture. The use of modern agricultural equipment, technologies, improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides come under modern agriculture. Here, the farmers get united and make the production in a large mass. They manage every thing needed for agricultural activities. They even get the support from state as per the state policy.  

The Good Aspects of Modern Agriculture

The modern agriculture always leads the nation to be self - dependent in the agriculture sectors. The state doesn't need to import the food stuffs and other aggro based products and the trade surplus increases. In general the advantages of modern agriculture are;

a.The agricultural production would increase and the demand of food stuffs can be fulfilled by own products.

b. As it helps to reduce the import of aggro based products, it helps to reduce the trade deficit of the nation.

c. The agriculture sectors would be commercialized and the dependency on foreign countries for food stuffs would be reduced and the probability of exporting of the agricultural products would increase.

d. Entry of new science and technology and improved seeds would help to import the food stuffs and help to earn the foreign currency.

e. Even the government would give attention to provide the facilities of irrigation and others in the agriculture sector. 

f. It would support in the national economy as well as it is an agricultural country.

Unit : 9 

International Relation and Cooperation

Lesson: 1 

The Donor Countries and Agencies of Nepal

Introduction

There are more than two hundred sovereign countries in the world. No countries in the world can exist in its own efficiency and effort. Each of them need support to move ahead in the path of development. For it, every country of the world has to maintain the mutual relationship and cooperation for all kinds of assistance and the development works.  They all need to extend their assistance and cooperation in the trade , commerce, industry, education, communication, services, science and technology etc. To increase all these assistance and support, the countries of the world develop bilateral and multilateral relationship between them. The relationship in between the two sovereign nations in the government level accepting the peaceful co-existence of each other being based on the foreign policy they have adopted is termed as diplomatic relation. Britain (England) is the first nation to have a diplomatic relation with Nepal. It was made on 4th Mach, 1816. By   Nepal has established diplomatic relation with 171  countries in the world. The last one is Sierra Leon. It was made on 29th June, 2021.           .

Some of the donor countries and the international organizations

United Kingdom (England)

The diplomatic relation in between Nepal and England was established on 4th Mrch, 1816. This diplomatic relation was made by Nepal with the agent of the British government called the East India  Company. United Kingdom is the first nation to make the diplomatic relation with Nepal and the treaty of Friendship was made in 1923 AD. UK is one of the major donor countries for the development of Nepal. It has assisted in many areas of the development of Nepal.The various areas of assistance by UK to Nepal are as follow;

a. Mahendra Highway from Narayangadh to Butwal,

b. Madan - Bhandari Highway from Dharan to Dhankuta,

c. The Agriculture Research Centers of Pakribas, Dhankuta and Lmle,

d. Extension of service of Radio Nepal, 

e. Recruitment of Nepalese youth in British Army, 

f. Budhanilkantha School, etc.

India

India is the neighboring country of Nepal. The east, west and south borders is shared with India. These two countries have got a good relationship. It is said that they have got socio cultural, religious, and matrimonial relation from the ancient time. The diplomatic relation between India and Nepal was made on 13th June, 1947 as soon as India got independence from the British colony. India is assisting Nepal in many development areas. The areas of development by India are;

 

 

a. National Trauma Center, Kathmandu,

b. Trishuli - Devighat Hydro power, Nuwakot, 

c. B.P. Koirala Health Academy, Dharan, 

d. Manmohan Memorial Polytechnic, Morang

e. Mahendranagar - Tanakpur  road link,

f. Farbishgunj - Biratnagar Railway,

g. Construction of Mahendra Highway (some parts)

h. Scholarship for Nepalese students in higher studies,

i. Distribution of Ambulance, etc.

China and Nepal

China is another neighboring country of Nepal. It shares the northern border. The diplomatic relation between Nepal and China was established on 1st August, 1955. As China is very good neighbouring country, it is too supporting in development of Nepal as one of the major donor nations.  The various areas of assistance made by China are: 

a. Civil Hospital, Kathmandu

b. B.P. Koirala Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan

c. Federal Parliament House, Kathmandu

d. Satdobato International Sports Complex, Satdobato, lalitpur

e. Bhaktapur Brick and Tile Industry, Bhaktapur

f. Hetauda Textile Industry, Hetauda

g. Bhrikuti Paper Industry

h. Bansbari Leather Factory

i. Araniko Highway

j. Prithivi Highway

k. Trolley Bus Service 

l. Sunkoshi Hydro-Power, etc.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

Nepal is also one of the member of this bank. Nepal got the membership of it on 6th Septeber,1961. The various areas of assistance of the World Bank are;

a. Kulekhani Hydro-Project, Makawanpur

b. Nepal Industrial Development Corporation

c. Reconstruction of school buildings destroyed by the earthquake of 2072 BS.

d. Agriculture Human Resource Projects

e. Basic and Primary level Education

f. Various projects related to hydro-projects, drinking water, sewage management, etc.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Nepal got the membership of Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1966 AD. The areas of assistance made by ADB are;

a. Melamchi Drinking Water Project

b. Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project

c. Community Drinking Water and Sanitation Project

d. Tanahu Hydro-Power Project

e. Disaster Risk Reduction Project

f. FWDR  Urban Development Project

g. Aid in Electricity Development 

h. Various Training Programs for Teachers, etc. 

Lesson:2 

Nepal in the United Nations Organization

Introduction

                                                               UN Building in New York

United Nations Organization (UNO) was established on 24th October,1945. The Head Office of the UNO is in New York, the USA. It is the biggest international organization of the world. South Sudan is the very new member of it and it makes 193 countries as its members in total. After the World War II the countries of the world realized the need of the international organization to maintain peace and security in the world. As the need of the international organization was realized, this international organization was formed in the initiation of the US president Franklin D. Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister Winston Churchil.

The objectives of establishing the UNO:

a. To maintain peace and security throughout the world,

b. To develop the friendly relation among the countries of the world,

c. To protect and promote the human right, dignity and freedom of the people of the world,

d. To work together for the economic and social progress of the countries of the world,

e. To achieve the international cooperation and assistance to solve the conflicts and disputes of the countries of the world.

Lesson:3

Contributions of Nepal towards World Peace

the areas of contributions of Nepal towards world peace are;

a. Nepal is the very active member of the various international organizations like;

United Nation Organization (UNO),

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

Non Allign Movement (NAM)

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), etc.   

b. As one of the active members of the UNO, Nepal has been sending its Peace Keeping Troops in the conflict lands to settle the disputes and conflicts and establish the peace.

c. Nepal has established diplomatic relation with more than 140 countries by 2021 AD. 

d. Nepal established the embassies in many countries and appointed the ambassadors, diplomats, consuls and envoys in some of the countries with whom the diplomatic relation has been established.